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Class B and C Suppression Weeds
Weeds listed in this category are so widely disseminated that prevention of seed production within a single season is not practical. Nonetheless the species in the category are noxious weeds, and landowners are encouraged to control them. (Cirisum Arvense) CANADA THISTLE: (Cirisum Arvense) Biology of Plant: Canada thistle is a perennial herb with a deep-seated complex system of roots spreading horizontally which give rise to aerial hoots. The 1 to 4 foot tall stems are slender, green, and freely branched. The leaves are alternate, sessile, and deeply lobed. The leaf margins have stiff yellowish spines. The heads are many and relatively small. The plants are deciduous (all flowers on a plant are either male or female.) The flowers are purple. Environment: Canada thistle can grow in a wide variety of soil types; clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay, and sand dunes. It is common to roadsides, railway embankments, lawns, gardens, abandoned fields, sand dunes, agricultural fields, margins of forests, and waterways. Rate of Spread: Canadian thistle has creeping horizontal roots, which survive winters, and give rise to numerous aerial shoots year after year. Seeds also reproduce it with the average seed production being about 1,500 seeds per plant. Rec. Control Methods:
Herbicide Control, Estimated Cost per Acre: This per acre cost depends entirely on many variables, example: backpack, ATV, truck boom, or helicopter applications. Each method has a different cost rate per acre, also depending on the type of Herbicide selected, the size of the infestation and the price paid per gallon of selected Herbicide. We can give close estimates based upon the 2002 bid price cost for ground application Affects on Water Quality: Canada thistle does poorly on wet soils without much aeration. It grows poorly in shaded conditions and produces few flowers. DIFFUSE KNAPWEED: (Centaurea Diffusa) PHOTO Biology of Plant: Diffuse knapweed is a biennial. The first stage of the plant is a rosette. The rosette has lobed leaves, the stem leaves are smaller, simpler and do not have a flower head. The second stage of the plant grows 1 to 3 feet tall. It has a single upright stem has numerous spreading branches that end in pale yellowish-green spiny bracts. These bracts are around the numerous, ¼ inch in diameter flowers. The flowers are usually white in color but occasionally they are pink or purple. The seeds are oblong, hairy, brown to black in color and are about 3 millimeters long. It has a stout tap root, and spreads primarily by seed. Diffuse is very bitter to the taste. Soil Type: various types Environment: Diffuse knapweed readily colonizes different soils over a broad range of environmental conditions. They are not common weeds on cultivated land nor irrigated pasture. They prefer open sites in the sun. Diffuse knapweed prefers upper elevation grasslands and timber sites. Rate of Spread: There is some evidence that knapweeds release chemical substances which inhibit surrounding vegetation. This enables the plants to invade rangeland, waste areas, pastures, and roadsides very rapidly. Rec./Control Methods:
Herbicide Control, Estimated Cost per Acre: This per acre cost depends entirely on many variables, example: backpack, ATV, truck boom, or helicopter applications. Each method has a different cost rate per acre, also depending on the type of Herbicide selected, the size of the infestation and the price paid per gallon of selected Herbicide. We can give close estimates based upon the 2002 bid price cost for ground application Affects on Water Quality: Knapweeds increase adverse affects on fish and wildlife by water runoff and soil erosion on stream banks and sediment in lakes and rivers. Habitats and food sources are affected and greatly changed in their ecosystems. Stream flows can also altered and this affects all systems of water quality. PUNCTUREVINE: (Tribulus terrestris) PHOTO Biology of Plant: Puncturevine is a prostrate annual herb that grows from a simple, woody taproot. The plant produces numerous stems, up to 6 feet long, that are much branched and arise from the crown to produce a dense mat. The leaves are opposite, short-petioled, 1 to 3 inches long, oblong, pubescent, and divided into pinnate leaflets; each leaflet is about ¼ inches long. The small, yellow, five-petaled flowers are borne on short stalks at leaf nodes. The fruit is a woody burr with sharp, rigid spines. Soil Types: Puncturevine prefers light-textured soils, but will grow on almost any type of soil along roadside, driveways and park areas. Environment: Puncturevine is found in pastures, roadsides, orchards, vineyards, waste places, parks, railway yards, and agricultural areas. It is found throughout the US, except along the northern tier from Montana to New England. It is adapted to warm temperate conditions and it requires relatively high temperatures for germination and growth. Rate of Spread: Puncturevine reproduces completely by seeds and there is considerable seed dormancy over the autumn and winter. A single plant can produce 800 to 1200 seeds. Seed dispersal is by animals and by rubber-tired vehicles. Seeds may remain viable for many years if buried in the soil. Puncturevine can increase in numbers rapidly if given the right conditions. Rec. Control Methods:
Herbicide Control, Estimated Cost per Acre: This per acre cost depends entirely on many variables, example: backpack, ATV, truck boom, or helicopter applications. Each method has a different cost rate per acre, also depending on the type of Herbicide selected, the size of the infestation and the price paid per gallon of selected Herbicide. We can give close estimates based upon the 2002 bid price cost for ground application. Affects on Water Quality: Same as all other Noxious weeds invading sites and affecting the habitat and wildlife areas. COCKLEBUR: (Xanthium spinosum) Biology of Plant: Cocklebur is an erect, much branched annual that grows up to 3 feet high. About 1 inch long spines are found in leaf axils and at stem nodes. The leaves are shiny dark green and hairy on the upper surface and downy beneath. The leaves are mostly three lobed with the center lobe much longer than the other two, and up to 3 inches long. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and creamy green. The fruit is an egg shaped burr, up to ½ inch long, armed with numerous hooked spines, some with one or two straight terminal spines. There are two seeds per burr, flattened, 3/8 inch long and brown. The seeds and cotyledonary seedlings are poisonous. Poisoning has occurred in all classes of domestic livestock. Soil Types: Cocklebur is found in a wide variety of soil types. Environment: It is adapted to a variety of climates. It grows in cultivated fields wastelands, farmyards, flood plains and long waterways. It is widespread in the warm and temperate reigns of the world. It has spread along the U.S. east and west coasts and the Gulf coast. Rate of Spread: Cocklebur reproduces by seeds only. It can spread rapidly to infest new areas because of its ability to be spread by livestock. The plant may persist in an area for a long time due to the long-lived seeds in the soil. Seeds may remain viable in the soil up to 8 years. Rec. Control Methods:
Herbicide Control, Estimated Cost per Acre: This per acre cost depends entirely on many variables, example: backpack, ATV, truck boom, or helicopter applications. Each method has a different cost rate per acre, also depending on the type of Herbicide selected, the size of the infestation and the price paid per gallon of selected Herbicide. We can give close estimates based upon the 2002 bid price cost for ground application. Affects on Water Quality: Same as all other Noxious weeds invading sites and affecting the habitat and wildlife areas. KOCHIA: (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad) non-native PHOTO Biology of Plant: It is an annual plant that grows from 1 to 6 feet tall. The leaves are dull green stalkless, narrow, fringed around the edges and taper at the tip. Often the leaves will turn a red to purplish in color in the fall. The flowers occur in the axils of the leaves on the branches and are small, inconspicuous and typically without stalks or petals. Experimental results have also shown that it contains substances that can be lethal to cattle. It reproduces by seed. Soil Types: Kochia is found in many different soil types Environment: Kochia is found in rangeland, pastures, fields, and disturbed sites. Rate of Spread: Kochia produces thousands of seed and the seedlings can tolerate extreme temperatures. Rec./ Control Methods:
Herbicide Control, Estimated Cost per Acre: This per acre cost depends entirely on many variables, example: backpack, ATV, truck boom, or helicopter applications. Each method has a different cost rate per acre, also depending on the type of Herbicide selected, the size of the infestation and the price paid per gallon of selected Herbicide. We can give close estimates based upon the 2002 bid price cost for ground application. Affects on Water Quality: Same as all other Noxious weeds invading sites and affecting the habitat and wildlife areas. COMMON MULLEIN:
(Verbascum thapsus L.) non-native
Biology of Plant: Mullein is a biennial that grows 1 to 7 feet tall. The first year it produces a rosette and the second year a flowering stem is produced. The leaves are alternate, light green in color and densely woolly. The flowers are yellow in color, a sessile, and borne on long terminal spikes. It has a taproot and reproduces by seed. Soil Types: Mullein is grows in various soil types but if prefers course soils. Environment: Mullein has been found in old fields, waste places, roadsides, railroad right-of-ways, and abused pastures. Rate of Spread: Mullein spreads by the thousands of seeds that are produces by each plant. Rec./ Control Methods:
Herbicide Control, Estimated Cost per Acre: This per acre cost depends entirely on many variables, example: backpack, ATV, truck boom, or helicopter applications. Each method has a different cost rate per acre, also depending on the type of Herbicide selected, the size of the infestation and the price paid per gallon of selected Herbicide. We can give close estimates based upon the 2002 bid price cost for ground application. Affects on Water Quality: Same as all other Noxious weeds invading sites and affecting the habitat and wildlife areas. RUSSIAN THISTLE:
(Salsola Kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch) non-native
Biology of Plant: Russian Thistle is an annual that grows 1 to 3 feet tall. It is bushy rounded and commonly called tumbleweed. The leaves are dark green in color, alternate and are very pointed. The flowers are inconspicuous, lacking in petals, green in color, and accompanied by a pair of spiny bracts. It reproduces by seeds. Soil Types: Russian Thistle grows in various soil types. Environment: Russian Thistle has been found in wasteland, cultivated fields, overgrazed rangeland, and old pastures. Rate of Spread: Russian Thistle produces thousands of seeds and when the plant has matured it breaks off at ground level and acts as a tumbleweed, rolling along with the wind spreading these seeds as it travels. Rec./ Control Methods:
Herbicide Control, Estimated Cost per Acre: This per acre cost depends entirely on many variables, example: backpack, ATV, truck boom, or helicopter applications. Each method has a different cost rate per acre, also depending on the type of Herbicide selected, the size of the infestation and the price paid per gallon of selected Herbicide. We can give close estimates based upon the 2002 bid price cost for ground application Affects on Water Quality: Same as all other Noxious weeds invading sites and affecting the habitat and wildlife areas. BABYSBREATH:
(Gypsophila paniculata)
Biology of Plant: Babysbreath is a much-branched perennial herb up to .75 m in height. The stems are erect or ascending at the base and single to many in number. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate to linear lanceolate, and covered with a dense bloom of hairs on both sides. It has an inflorescence of white flowers panicle like. The stems are small and black. Soil Types: Babysbreath can grow in both fine and coarse-textured soils, but it is most aggressive in the latter. Fine-textured soils retard root development. Environment: Babysbreath grows in a wide variety of habitats. It occurs in lightly grazed pastures, roadside ditches, hay fields, and abandoned fields. It is widespread across the Northern U.S. Rate of Spread: The over-wintering roots give rise to new shoots from the caudex in the spring. Flowers do not appear until the third year of growth. A single plant averages 13,700 seeds. Wind appears to be the most important dispersal agent. Seeds show little or no dormancy. The weed is able to invade and compete with other species in a number of habitats. Rec. Control Methods:
Herbicide Control, Estimated Cost per Acre: This per acre cost depends entirely on many variables, example: backpack, ATV, truck boom, or helicopter applications. Each method has a different cost rate per acre, also depending on the type of Herbicide selected, the size of the infestation and the price paid per gallon of selected Herbicide. We can give close estimates based upon the 2002 bid price cost for ground application Affects on Water Quality: Same as all other Noxious weeds invading sites and affecting the habitat and wildlife areas.
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